The reasoning

The reasoning , logic and explanations are vast but the thought is plain simple . The solution will address the problem directly and also make sure that the Fossil Fuel Era comes to an end .

Fossil Fuel Era + Dirty Green-House gases

Solution ( invention ) ends the Fossil + removes the already existing dirty Green-

Fuel Era House gases

Achievement

Fossil Fuel Era ended + No more dirty GH Gases for the future

Hence there is to be a combination of 1 ) designing or working out The Fuel , which ends the Fossil Fuel Era , and 2 ) which also removes the dirty GH Gases . So the inference is clear

( crystal ) –

‘The Fuel’ is to comprise of the existing dirty GH gases itself .

And in its working ‘The Fuel’ should not produce any more dirty GH Gases .

Meaning it ( ‘The Fuel’ ) is to be preserved , it should not be burnt , undergo combustion , or decompose or change form in its working or for example - in contact with the Atmosphere .

Hence ‘The Fuel’ is to be a working Fuel made up of existing dirty GH gases

- a working fluid for the transfer of heat , from hot to cold and from cold to hot , thus based on the basic principles of conduction and convection , thermal and solar radiation , capture of heat , heat exchangers etc.etc..

Thus we have a Heat Engine – whose internal working fluid is composed of the existing dirty Green House gases .

All Energy sources ( actually whole of life itself ) have to have an example , a duplication in nature , of Planet Earth ; and it is factually so indeed . Wind Energy , Combustion , Thermal Energy , Hydro-power , Geothermal , Ocean Wave , Ocean Current , Ocean Tide capture , Bio-Gas , Bio-Mass , Bio-Fuels , Solar Energy , Nuclear Fission ( no more examples are needed ) , have a ‘nature’s example’ . Meaning to say – they are not alien to Planet Earth

( very obvious indeed ) .

Hence

Now we have to look for a grand principle governing Planet Earth which resembles , duplicates , uses , echos , parallels , fits , matches or replicates ( we need the thesaurus here ) the above requirements , as closely as possible .

So now we have to look for a natural principle of Planet Earth which in its lesser , extreme or finer modifications can be used as a Heat Engine – and whose internal non-expendable working fluid is composed of the existing dirty Green House gases

Is there any grand principle of Planet Earth , like Plate Tectonics , evaporation , rainfall , like the phenomenon of wind formation , ocean current flow , solar rays heating Planet Earth , bio-gas production , combustion , etc.etc., lying neglected and un-tapped ? Is it possible that some grand principle of Planet Earth is un-utilised , under-rated , mis-understood , ignored , just assumed as such , and not fully analysed as an energy source ? The world may say ‘no chance’, ‘impossible’ , ‘nonsense’ , but that hardly matters – for the answer is ‘yes’ .

“TRANSPIRATION ”

First read ‘stage’ one at - http://www.thermalenergy.co.in/

( The following has been placed in simple language as the understanding of the basics of science is taught at say Grade 6 to 8 in the U.S. )

The Inter - Link of Vacuum , Pressure and Gravity .

The functioning of the Models devised by us ( a simple anti-gravity Heat Engine ) ,

is in the immediate , seemingly dependant on the evaporation of water . However in the background , there are other forces acting , and these need a seperate mention . The three forces worth considering , are those of Vacuum , Pressure and Gravity . The various combinations are - Vacuum and Pressure , Vacuum and Gravity and Pressure and Gravity . So let us first study these combinations , in relation to the working of our Model .

Vacuum and Pressure .

The Vacuum we use in our Models , comes from the Pressure , of the Earth’s Atmosphere . To enunciate , let us consider the state of Vacuum , where there is no Atmosphere . For this , let us go to Space . We know the emptiness of Space . So empty that Light emitted by Stars , long dead , is still reaching us . This means that there is no Matter in Space . Otherwise the

"Atmosphere" ( matter evenly dissipated in Space ) would have consumed these Light Rays . An ordinary Vacuum filled container such as an incandescent bulb when broken on the surface of Planet Earth collapses inwards because of the Atmosphere rushing in . A similar incandescent bulb , Vacuum filled on Planet Earth would not collapse inwards , if broken similarly in space .

The above two facts tell us that the vacuum pull inwards in a container is infact dependant on the atmospheres heaviness which is termed as Atmospheric Pressure . Also another simple fact stated is that on a Planet with a weak or light Atmosphere a strong Vacuum force would not be created . The vacuum force too would be weak .

Consider it in another way - a Vacuum to what ? This simply tells us that Vacuum’s we create on the surface of Planet Earth are relative to the Pressure of Earth’s Atmosphere. If there were no Atmosphere , there would be no Vacuum . So the Vacuum of our Model is relative to the operating Pressure . The more powerful the operating Pressure the greater the Vacuum in our Model ( being relative ) . So can we assume that our Models will give a better performance , in a higher operating Pressure ? For this let us for the moment , leave out the effect of the increased Pressure on the Evaporation of water .

Well the Gravitation force of the Earth is not increased or decreased by the operating Pressure. So Gravity being the same , the increased operating Pressure will create a greater Vacuum force , inside the Model , once the Top Container is cooled , as compared to - when we have a lesser operating Pressure ( using the same gross evaporation of water ) . This greater Vacuum force thus created , is to defy Gravity which lies un-changed , and not Pressure , which has increased , in the working of the Model . Therefore the Model’s will work more efficiently . This may be understood even otherwise by reference to the Toricellian Vacuum , whose pull is greater at higher Pressures , and hence a longer Mercury Column is supported .

It may be agrued that the Mercury Column in Torricellian's Experiment , rises due to the Pressure of the Earth’s Atmosphere . This is correct in itself , but tells one half of the story . What if we have air in place of the Torricellian Vacuum ? Now the Mercury Column cannot rise as much ( upwards ) , because the trapped Air exerts a backwards force on the rising Mercury Column . So it is correct to infer , that the presence of a Vacuum is very essential , to hold the Mercury Column in place . This Vacuum is a definite force ( inwards ) , and not just the emptiness of Space . So we find that our Vacuum is relative to the operating Pressure . Also the very existance of Vacuum is dependant on a Pressure system . Our Vacuum reference is very different to the "emptiness" of Space . The emptiness of Space would have been a Vacuum , if the emptiness of Space had been contained in a larger Pressure system .

Vacuum and Gravity .

The Vacuum and Gravity consideration is vital from the angle , that we have a Vacuum force in our Model , defying Gravity . Let us also consider the degree of Vacuum being used by us . We have seen that our Vacuum force is a mild one . Simply by condensing Vapours of a Liquid , and that too by a Temperature difference of about 15 Degrees Celsius we are able to generate a Vacuum pull , which easily defeats the force of Gravity of Planet Earth . Basically , without going into the details , at this stage , we know that the Vacuum pull generated by us is a mild one . Mild one compared to what ? This mild term is with reference to the world of Vacuums . So we find that a mild Vacuum , easily defeats the gravitational force of Planet Earth . Why does this happen ?

Well since we are dealing with a mild Vacuum , obviously the explanation does not lie in saying that the Vacuum force , over-powers the Gravitational force of Planet Earth . The culprit ( it is a bonus to us ) is the weak Gravitational force of Planet Earth . It is better to say that the Gravitational force of the Earth , lets itself be over-powered by a weak Vacuum . If Planet Earth had a much much greater Gravitational force , and a very light Atmosphere , our Models would not have worked . Let us for a moment discuss a point , although its relevance is not direct . Consider the maximun force of Gravity , of the Earth , which we have to deal with ( on the surface of Planet Earth ) , and compare it with the ultimate Vacuum which we can create ( on the surface of planet Earth ) . This comparisn is essential , to realise a very important point , mentioned later , in this Chapter itself .

As far as the maximum force of Gravity ( of the Earth ) is concerned , this is known to exist at the poles . Now let us see the ultimate Vacuum , which we can create on the surface of Planet Earth . Without going into degrees , simply consider the fact that - Metal evaporates in higher stages of Vacuum , such that Stainless Steel 316 grade is recommended for high Vacuum systems . So we have such a powerful Vacuum , on the surface of Planet Earth , that it can make the Atoms of metal leave their co-hesive bonding ( match this with the statement later on that it is the Hydrogen bonding force of water which is the limiting factor to the Transpiration height of water , and not the vacuum pull of evaporation . If the hydrogen bonding force between water molecules was greater than actual , then the vacuum pull by the evaporation of water would draw up water that much higher ) .

This means that the Vacuum force which we can create on our Planets surface , is of a very high degree . And where does this Vacuum come from ? As discussed earlier , this Vacuum force is relative to the Pressure of the Earths Atmosphere . So this means that the Vacuum force ( from the Pressure of Planet Earth's Atmosphere ) , which can possibly be generated on the surface of Planet Earth , is far greater than the Gravitational force of Planet Earth , if such a comparisn can be made .

Pressure and Gravity

Well to understand this relationship ( if one exists ) let us consider our Models internal working , before it is sealed . For this it is best to consider Torricellian's Experiment . The relationship of Pressure and Gravity is amply demonstrated here , and requires little explanation .

The Column of Mercury being supported ( 76 centimeters ) is due to the inter-play of Pressure of the Earth's Atmosphere ( pushing the Mercury Column upwards ) , and Gravitation pull of the Earth ( holding it down at 76 Centimeters length ) . But what about our Model ? As we have seen , our Model is sealed , and this means that we have cut off the role of the Atmospheric Pressure , from the internal working of our Model . Hence we find that Pressure and Gravity are not apparently related to each other in the working of our Model . The relationship , and link up of either ( Gravity and Pressure ) , is through Vacuum .

Let us now combine all the three elements of Gravity , Pressure and Vacuum and see the

Link-up of the three . The theme to follow is that - the Earth’s Gravitaional pull is limited in content . And it would not be out of place to say that - in the relative field of Gravity , it is a weak force in any case . Now we need a force to oppose Gravity . To state again , we have a limited Gravity of the Earth to contend with . But the opposing force , of Vacuum , is so strong ( in its ultimate creation possible on surface of Planet Earth ) that it ( the ultimate Vacuum ) can even get the Molecules of metal to free themselves of their co-hesive force ( just as in the maximum lift height of Transpiration when the chain of water molecules being pulled up ‘snap’) .

So what we do is that - by the evaporation of water , get a Vacuum force which is weak in the field of Vacuum , but stronger than the weak Gravitational force of the Earth . This means that an elementary Vacuum is in fact , turning out to be stronger than the weak Gravitational force of Planet Earth .

Next stage

It is a considered thought that every invention or discovery made came from a realistic imagination applied to some prior idea . It is a self-undertaken study of ‘Heat Engines ’ , of Solar ‘Thermal Plants’ and by a deeper understanding of a simple anti-gravity heat engine , which was attempted to be placed in the context of Transpiration .

( Quote ) – “There are several "ultimately important" biological phenomena that together have done most to change the face of the earth. Transpiration is one of them.* Indeed, so importantly that were transpiration not to exist, life as we know it would not exist. Vascular plants are THE efficient photosynthesizers making up the bulk of plantlife, upon which members of the other kingdoms feed. Interestingly, while the overall phenomenon of water movement from the roots up to the leaves is well known, how it happens has been a matter of conjecture for nearly two centuries. “ ( Un-Quote )

http://www.science-projects.com/Transpiration.htm

The concept displayed in these models appears under various chapters , seemingly un-connected to each other . Considered individually these chapters concern elementary science but put together to an objective the results are simply electric . The conceptual placement of this energy output / fuel is therefore of an array of natures principles .

In increasing degree of importance we may sample some of these chapters . World Book Encyclopaedia , Volume 2 , page 116 ( United States of America , 1987 Edition ) , Chapter - Barometer ,

( Quote ) - " A mercury Barometer , works on the same principle as a device invented in 1643 by the Italian physicist Evangelita Torricelli . Both devices consist of a glass tube of mercury inverted in a reservoir of mercury . Changes in air pressure cause the mercury in the tube to rise and fall . In the mercury barometer , a scale beside the tube shows the pressure . " ( Un-quote )

World Book Encyclopaedia , Volume 20 , Page 272 ( United States of America , 1987 Edition) , Chapter Vacuum ,

( Quote ) - " Vacuum's have many practical uses . Gases and liquids tend to flow from areas of high pressure to those of lower pressure that is , into a vacuum . Drinking liquid through a straw involves this principle . Sucking on the straw produces a partial vacuum inside the mouth and in the top part of the straw . The greater pressure of the air outside pushes the liquid up the straw . " ( Un-quote )

So one thing is very clear - that the Gravity of Planet Earth is easily defeated by a most elementary and mild vacuum . Secondly it is very clear that the empty space at the top of the Torricellian column should be considered not just as an empty space but rather as a very powerful force in comparisn to the Gravity of Planet Earth it opposes .

The Plant World - World Book Encyclopaedia of Science , ( United States of America , revised edition 1987 ) , page 20 , Chapter is Transpiration ,

( Quote ) " The transpiration stream therefore comprises the movement of water into and through the roots , along the xylem vessels , and through the leaf cells to be evaporated or transpired through the stomata of the leaves. The water in the conducting tissues passes up the plant partly because of the Osmotic "root pressure" , partly because of the capillary effect of the narrow tubes and partly because of the osmotic "suction pressure" from the leaves ."

( Un-quote )

Physics Today-The World Book Encyclopaedia of Science (United States of America , revised Edition 1987) , Page 33 Chapter - Properties of Solutions , explanation to an illustration showing osmosis in trees ,

( Quote ) " Trees obtain water by their roots , the surface layer of which is semi-permeable membrane through which water passes into the more concentrated contents of the cells within . The water then passes up the tree and is lost through tiny pores in the leaves . This process ensures that the roots do not become water logged . " ( Un - quote )

The Plant World - World Book Encyclopaedia of Science , ( United States of America , revised edition 1987 ) , page 19 , an explanation to an illustration of transpiration -

( Quote ) - "Transpiration - the loss of water vapour through the stomata located primarily on the underside of a leaf - acts rather like a suction pump which draws water up a plants xylem vessels from the roots to the leaves The tension created is sufficient to transport water to the top of the tallest trees . Stomata are pores , each one edged with two guard cells which enable them to open and close , depending on external conditions such as humidity and temperature ." ( Un - quote )

( Quote ) - “COHESION-TENSION THEORY .What is currently believed to be the mechanism of water ascent to the tops of trees? Most researchers currently accept a mechanism known as the "cohesion-tension theory". This theory proposes that water is actually "pulled" up trees by the action of transpiration (evaporation from leaf surfaces). This, of course, results in the water columns being stretched and placed under considerable tension much like pulling on a rubber band. For the water columns to continue their pull they must not break or snap when stretched.

Most fluids could not handle the tension or stretching necessary for water uptake. Water however, has many unique physical and chemical properties. One of these properties is cohesion or how one water molecule clings to another. Water has very high cohesive forces and when confined in small tubes (like the xylem of trees) it can be subjected to very high tensions before the columns break. In fact, if the cohesive forces of water are lowered, for example by adding soap to the solution, the water columns break quite easily and flow is disrupted. ”

“COHESION-TENSION THEORY

So, as one water molecule evaporates from the leaf (transpiration) another is pulled in and so on down the stem. The tension in the xylem lowers the water potential which allows the tree to pull water in from the soil, unless of course the soil is at a more negative water potential. The drier the soil the more tension that is required to pull water in from the soil. When the soil is moist (water potential close to zero) water flows easily into the root and up the stem. As the soil dries (water potential becoming more and more negative) the tree has more difficulty drawing in water. This eventually results in a lack of water and decreased growth.

The cohesion-tension theory stipulates a driving force and a continuous column of water that is contained in small vessels” . (Un-quote )

http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/htmltext/chapter4.htm

( Quote ) – “The plant expends no energy to lift xylem sap by bulk flow. Instead, the absorption of sunlight drives transpiration by causing water to evaporate from the moist walls of mesophyll cells and by lowering the water potential in the air spaces within a leaf. Thus, the ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered.” ( Un-Quote )

http://www.google.com/notebook/public/14614252952056748152/BDUOQIgoQzcyd2Lkh

Inference drawn from a reading of such explanations to Torricellian column , Vacuum's on Planet Earth , Osmosis of trees , Transpiration etc . , lead one to conclude that the principles on which an anti-gravity Heat Engine functions ( http://www.thermalenergy.co.in/ ) are natures principle’s on a capillary and molecular scale .

Does it then mean that one of nature’s truest and grandest concept lies un-tapped by mankind , where the fuel was the simple evaporation of water , and therefore a perfect fuel ?

The principle of Transpiration is singularly explained by the cohesion of water due to hydrogen bonding transmitting the upward pull along the entire length of the xylem to the roots and hence the ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered.

However in the whole process – there is also an inter-play of the following factors –

1 ) Vacuum .

2 ) Pressure .

3 ) Gravity .

4 ) The inter-play of Vacuum , Pressure and Gravity .

5 ) Capillarity .

6 ) Osmosis .

7 ) Evaporation .

8 ) Humidity .

9 ) Wind flow.

10 ) Solar Heating .

11 ) Potential differences .

12 ) Moistness of the soil .

13 ) Root pressure .

14 ) Selectively Permeable membranes .

15 ) Type of plant .

( and many more factors )

The point stressed here is that we have no dispute or enmity with the Principle of Transpiration - but amongst ourselves there are dis-agreements . Hence there is to be a basic acceptance in proceeding any further .

That there is principle of “Transpiration” , is an un-deniable fact , and which is singularly explained by the cohesion of water ( due to hydrogen bonding transmitting the upward pull along the entire length of the xylem to the roots hence the ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered ) but ( the principle of Transpiration ) also displays a combination of many other forces at play and it is these forces that mankind has to use in designing the next generation fuel ; it is the latter half of the preceeding statement which needs a discussion , being based as it is , on a singular projection in this entry .

Therefore for the purpose of proceeding with this report , as an entry to the VEC , contra-arguments can neither be ignored nor answered. This is where the “cutting edge” of this entry is . Further from here is a matter of opinion and not of science for if everything was so clear then this science would already have been used . Essentially most of the entries , as stated earlier , will be scientifically and technically correct , but will come down ( to the wire ) to opinions , projections , prescience etc.etc.. This is where astute judgement counts .

For those individuals who say that the principle of transpiration is no example to work upon , the answer is – right – you are correct . Thank you . Now may we proceed with this report . The believers may carry on and the sceptics ( who may be correct ) can present their own theories and may the best ‘theory’ win the challenge .

The rest of the report is written taking into account the above admission of a deviant assumption to a otherwise purposeful approach .

So now we have an amended statement to make –

That a grand principle of Planet Earth – “transpiration” – in its finer and extreme modifications / adaptations is to be used as a Heat Engine – and whose internal working fluid is composed of the existing dirty Green House gases .

Further we have seen that transpiration is essentially designed to be an anti-gravity principle , hence we incorporate this characteristic as follows -

That a grand principle of Planet Earth – “transpiration” – in its finer and extreme modifications / adaptations is to be used as an anti-gravity Heat Engine – and whose internal working fluid is composed of the existing dirty Green House gases .

After having written so far , we have to wake-up to the reality of making this entry a valid one in terms of the original VEC , which is to re-capture the existing dirty Green-House gases .

Well…. , since this entry has been placed is a different perspective , of first designing the next era fuel and in the process re-capturing the existing dirty Green-House gases , it is obvious that a direct solution is way off . However this is a question in itself which requires deeper thought , for this entry is then an invalid one , and at the same time humbly invalidates the VEC also . Therefore the decision of validity of this entry is best left to the judges of the ‘challenge’ , whereas the statement made here is clear – this ‘is’ a most serious entry from the entrant’s side .

Regarding the ‘Technical Viability’ of ‘the Solution’ – no questions need arise . Heat Engine Technology is very well understood , the world over . How to convert the existing dirty GH gases into a working fuel is again a question requiring much thought and inspired only by the acceptance of the basic planning presented here . Applying the worked upon and locally suited invention to the ‘Solar’ and ‘Heat Zones’ of the world , especially to vast area within the Tropics , is not a difficult task . No such solution is offered here for the ‘cold zones’ of ‘the planet’ .

In the end we re-capitulate the major thrust statements , viewpoints of both the VEC and of this entry , as a simple question answer session with the entry ‘answer’ at the end .

1 ) Will there be a next generation fuel era ? Yes .

2 ) Is there a grand principle of Planet Earth which will give us the next era fuel ? Yes .

3 ) Are ‘you’ ( entrant ) sure ? Very sure .

4 ) Is it possible to de-link the re-capture of the existing dirty GH gases from the atmosphere from the designing of the next era fuel ? No .

5 ) Are there examples of anti-gravity heat engines ? Yes .

6 ) Have ‘you’ ever constructed an anti-gravity heat engine ? Yes .

7 ) Has the technology been developed by ‘you’ to convert the existing dirty GH Gases into a working fuel for an anti-gravity heat engine ? No chance .

8 ) Is the electricity generated from an anti-gravity Heat Engine comparable in cost to that generated from fossil fuels ? No and Yes .

‘No’ in the immediate economic world , and ‘Yes’ if the cost of the Earths climate is estimated .

9 ) Is there a combination of extremely un-equal forces on Planet Earth , which we can use to our advantage ? Yes .

11 ) Name them ? Vacuum and Gravity .

( A monumentous question for scientists )

12 ) Is Hydrogen–bonding of water molecules the key concept behind the success of Transpiration in tall trees ? No.

13 ) Then what ? Vacuum pull .

( As an explanation upto 10 meters or so , the water column will support itself , and for an explanation beyond this level , it is the vacuum pull of evaporation which drives the water molecules upwards in tall trees and where-as the Hydrogen-bonding between water molecules is in-fact the limiting factor as beyond a height – the chain of water molecules will snap . Whereas even beyond this ‘snapping’ height – the Vacuum pull is still available for use . Reversely speaking – if the Hydrogen bonding was stronger , the water column would rise further )

14 ) Is the principle of Transpiration , in its greater modifications and accessories , usable as a fuel ? Is this formulation the next Era fuel ? Yes , but since this is more a matter of opinion and less of science , individualized answers are welcome .

15 ) Does the entrant know how to go about the process claimed in this entry ? Most certainly yes , in all its completeness . ( The limitations of Heat Engines , The Carnot Cycle , do not limit man’s ingenuity , they are only a challenge to him )

( For to he who knows it all , it is child’s play – metaphorically speaking . For the problem solver , the master , the king of matters – never strains himself , the artiste only enjoys his work , even the impossible . ‘It’ is simply a part of him ) .

The talk in the world , for some time now , is

- of Carbon-Di-Oxide levels being increased in the atmosphere ,

- of the absorption of this Carbon-Di-Oxide by the oceans remaining an un-determined study ,

- of Global warming ,

- of record setting weather extremes ,

- of Polar Ice like the Larsen Ice Shelf of Antartic melting ,

- of Planet Earth having come into a period of Climatic instability which may cause conomic,

social and - environmental dislocation ,over the next century .

- of rising sea levels that could inundate low lying coastal areas where the heaviest section of

the world's population lives ,

- of attempting to reduce Carbon-Di-Oxide emission levels to ward off a 4 to 5 Degree

Celsius rise in Global temperatures , about equal in magnitude to the temperature difference

between the last Ice Age and the current Climatic period .

As the plain simple evaporation of water and thermal exchange of heat by conduction and convection principles are nature to Planet Earth and so very safe to deal with , the proposal is to alongside effect this un-believable grand correction to the energy usage problems of humanity . The proposal is therefore to guide the energy industry of the world afresh in the way we see it .

The points of view in this entry are not negotiable nor arguable , they are FACT . The world may think otherwise , and that is no consideration for the views expressed here .

Regards ,

Vikrant Suri